How to Dispose of Old Police Items
Agent Edward William Eldridge, Jr
To the men and women in blue. Thursday last, at 0914hrs. retired Baltimore City Police Officer Edward William Eldridge Jr. passed from this earth. Edward was 62 yrs. old and had been retired 10 years. The very tragic sad part of this is that Edward took his own life. It seems that following his retirement in 1998, Edward lost touch with his brothers and sisters in blue. To the point, that it appears that he did not have anyone to call for life’s emergencies. On the day of his death, he was to undergo arthroscopy surgery on his knee. At the Hospitals request, Edward needed to be accompanied to the Hospital by someone who would stay until his release. Edward apparently did not have anyone to call. Edward did make arrangements with the NE District where he lived for a ride to and from the Hospital. However, he was concerned that the Hospital might not be satisfied with that arrangement. Unfortunately, he opted to take his life instead. Edward never married, had no children, no siblings and his parents were deceased. Edward lived alone and died alone. Edward was brought up Catholic. A neighbor of his for the last 20yrs. expressed her dismay and recounted the following: When her children were youngsters, Mr. Ed would fix all the kids bikes in the neighborhood and would give them money to buy candy. Records were located that showed that each Halloween, Edward would spend as much as $ 153.00 in his purchase of candy and would keep track each year how many children came to trick or treat. At the height of his records, 61 children would knock at Mr. Ed’s door. Your thoughts and prayers for the departed would be much appreciated. Edward Eldrige will be buried next week at Rucks Funeral Home in Towson Md. The only family Edward has to attend his interment and memorial service are his brothers and sisters in blue. I know we all have hectic lives these days. However, if you knew Edward or not, he served 26 years in our uniform and deserves an abundant showing from the Baltimore City Police Department.
To those who read this, I personally thank you for your time. Edward was a Central District wagon man for a number of years.
Entered BPD 1972.---------- Retired 1998. Date of death 29 January 2009, 0914hrs. - Det. Randy Wynn Homicide
Let his death be a reminder that we are family, renew a friendship of a past side partner
Courtesy Lt. Tom Douglas
Agent Edward William Eldridge, Jr.
SUN PAPER ARTICLE:
By Peter Hermann
February 9, 2009
Edward William Eldridge Jr. took his own life at the age of 62. He lived alone in a small semidetached, red-brick house on Daywalt Avenue in Northeast Baltimore. He had no wife, no known children, no brothers, no sisters, and his parents died years ago. He listed his only aunt as a beneficiary, but she, too, had passed away. He had no friends, at least none close enough or willing enough to stay with him at the hospital for a few hours so he could undergo the arthroscopic knee surgery he was scheduled to have on the day he died. He had nobody he could talk to or who could help him when he lost $100,000 of his retirement savings to the faltering stock market. Now Eldridge's body lies at Ruck Funeral Home in Towson - a viewing is scheduled for 6 p.m. to 8 p.m. tomorrow, memorial service at 11 a.m. Wednesday - his earthly remains saved from becoming a ward of the state and from a pauper's grave by the Baltimore homicide detective who got the case, went to the house and recognized the dead man as a colleague and an old acquaintance. He had "shot the breeze" with Eldridge years ago when the detective walked a foot post and the now-dead officer was the Police Department's Central District wagon man. His name, with rank attached, was Agent Edward William Eldridge Jr. He joined the Baltimore Police Department on Aug. 4, 1972, and retired Aug. 6, 1998. He had earned a degree in business and public administration from the University of Maryland, was drafted into the Army and sent to Okinawa to guard underground missile silos. "He served his country for two years and he served this city for 26 years," Detective Randy Wynn said after he claimed the body at the morgue. "At the very least he deserves a proper send-off." The detective is trying to get current and retired police officers to come to services for Eldridge, and he plans to display nearly two dozen certificates and commendations he found after spending days digging through boxes and bags at the house where Eldridge grew up and died. Wynn found a neighbor who told him Eldridge fixed bicycles for the kids - there were parts scattered in his basement - and gave them money for candy. There were 40 names in Eldridge's address book, and Wynn called them all. Every single number went to a business where people had dealt with Eldridge but didn't really know him. Only his retired accountant thought Eldridge's demeanor had soured - "that he didn't seem the way he used to be," Wynn said. He had lost contact with the cops he had worked with, most recently in the Northeast District. He was so alone that he worried nobody would find his body after he died - maybe they wouldn't care enough to even look. It was Jan. 29, a Thursday, at 9:09 in the morning, the day his surgery was scheduled, that he called 911 and told an operator, "Ma'am, I'm planning to shoot myself." His voice was as steady and cavalier as someone ordering a pizza. He was polite, not a trace of urgency or hesitation. "I don't want the body to stink up the neighbor's house," he said into the phone. The operator asked whether he had any weapons, and he said he had two. She asked where he was, and he told her he was in his upstairs back bedroom, and that he had left the front door unlocked so officers could get inside. He had a .40-caliber Glock and a .38 Smith & Wesson revolver. Eldridge chose the Glock - the kind of gun carried by city police - to end his life. The operator was still on the line when he pulled the trigger. It's hard to imagine being so alone, and the extent and reason for whatever emotions caused him to take his life may never be fully known or understood. For Detective Wynn, who gets paid to immerse himself in this city's overabundance of death and despair, this case is a stark reminder that people need to help each other and ask for help for themselves. Wynn could have shoved this file aside, written a perfunctory report and moved on. But he is driven to get others to care about a man who should not have been allowed to die as he lived - without family, without friends, without someone knowing even a little about him. For the detective, who has spent 40 years on the city force, it's a lesson to get friends outside the job. "When you're in uniform, everybody knows who you are," he said. "Then all of a sudden you retire, and nobody knows who you are. After being in his house and reading his stuff for 12 hours, I realized he didn't have a friend in the world." Eldridge was born June 27, 1946, at Union Memorial Hospital and grew up on Daywalt Avenue. His parents were both from Philadelphia; his father worked as a clerk at Sparrows Point. He graduated from Polytechnic Institute in 1964 and headed off to the University of Maryland. Wynn made a list of Eldridge's varied and prodigious studies: introduction to business; introduction to philosophy; public speaking; introduction to world literature; general chemistry; Western civilization; social psychology; principles of government and politics; accounting; marketing principles and organization; auditing theory; income tax accounting; business statistics; and civil rights law. The Army drafted him the year he graduated, 1968, but he was spared Vietnam and sent to train for a year at Fort Bragg in North Carolina and the Redstone Arsenal in Alabama, where he earned a marksman's badge for the M-16 before heading off to Japan. While on duty there, he had a security clearance, studied the Japanese language, attended a law enforcement program and rose to the rank of sergeant. Wynn found Eldridge's honorable discharge papers, dated June 14, 1971, along with two letters of appreciation signed by President Richard M. Nixon and Army Gen. William C. Westmoreland.
He returned to Baltimore, bought a house on Homestead Street in Better Waverly and joined the police force. Eight years ago, he moved back to Daywalt Avenue to take care of his sick mother. Neighbors said they rarely saw him and that he kept his windows covered. Wynn found piles of books, Western movies and boxes filled with documents that shed some light on Eldridge's personality, and how he kept meticulous records of the most mundane chores. There was a log of "every gallon of gas he ever bought," Wynn said. Curiously, it appears that Eldridge kept the records for records' sake and not to track mileage. He kept a similar list of visits for Halloween and how much money he spent on the small candy bars he handed out. In 2000, 52 kids came to his door; in 2001 it was 18, a year later 31 and a year after that 52. It topped 61 in 2005 and dropped to "only eight children" last year. He spent between $94 and $159 on candy each year. Why he compiled these lists might remain as mysterious as to why he took his life. In a suicide note found at the foot of his bed, neatly written in cursive and taking up a full page of notebook paper, Eldridge went on at length about his surgery, scheduled for that day at 2 p.m. at Franklin Square Hospital Center. He had saved the doctor's instructions reminding him not to eat that day and had written notes to himself about what time to call a taxi to take him to the hospital. He had later made arrangements with officers at the Northeastern District to give him a ride to and from Franklin Square, but he had nobody to stay with him during the procedure, a requirement. He wrote that he was afraid he would be sent home and that doctors might learn his backup plan was suicide. He was afraid of being committed. Eldridge, fully clothed, lay on his back on his bed and called 911. The final sound on the tape is a gunshot followed by the operator's scream. Wynn said Eldridge actually shot himself twice, the first time through his right jaw, then in a split second he turned his head and shot himself above the left ear. His Glock was still in his right hand when police arrived. The detective has played the tape for his colleagues. "Everyone up here who has heard it has never heard anything like that," he said. "Ever." Regarding the viewing Lt. Tom Douglas arrived at 6:00 PM and there were uniformed police leaving. As he entered the second floor, the room was large and occupied by uninformed, plain clothed, young and retired officers. He said he would venture to say at one point there were over 200 police on that floor and in the room. Retired Police Commissioners Bishop Robinson and Ed Woods and current police commissioner Fred Bealefeld also came. The Northeastern District Commander came as did other Officers, Agents, Detectives, Sergeants, and Lieutenants. Several motor officers were out front and also saw retired Deputy Commissioner John Gaverelis was there as well. It was the general consensus Detective Wynn did an outstanding job on making the arrangements and getting the word out. There were photos of Ed and his family around the room, his Army duffel bag, and uniform, his badge was in the coffin with a lone bouquet of flowers. There were a couple flower arrangements besides the unpretentious casket which was closed. Many officers would approach, kneel by its side and either say a prayer or their goodbyes. Detective Wynn did an outstanding service for this officer, our department and for the men and women that were now afforded a chance to say their goodbye to this kind, yet lonely, an officer that was too lonely to call for help.
GOODBYE EDDIE, if you had only known.
KGA 161........ KGA to 161..........161 is 10-7
An outstanding piece of Police work by Detective Randy Wynn. His dedication to duty is only outweighed by his compassion. Detective Wynn’s handling of this incident exemplifies what it means to be a COP and especially a BALTIMORE COP. We are family and he took his “Brother” to his maker in the manor any family member would do. Thanks, Detective Randy Wynn for bringing this tragedy to light and may this never ever happen to another one of our own. MESSAGE FROM BRPBA CHAPLAIN TIM RABBIT:
Greetings B.R.P.B.A. Members,
I write to you with a concerned heart about the recent death of Retired Officer Edward William Eldridge. Many of you know
that Edward took his own life on 1/29/09. This is a tragedy that touched many lives. Not just the lives of those who knew him, but the lives of every man and woman that wear a badge.
Edward lived by himself, had no known living family members, and didn't leave the house much. We can all speculate why he took his own life, but we don't really know. The tragedy is that he did. I want every member to know that somebody cares about you. First and foremost God cares about you and He Knows what you're going through. You're are important to each one of us. The bottom line is you're a somebody and not a nobody. We all get physically sick, lonely, and depressed at times. You're not out there by yourself. If you need a friend or just someone to talk to, please call me or one of the other members. Remember were family and family sticks together and takes care of each other. The problems of life can be huge when you take them on by yourself. Please let someone else walk with you in your time of difficulty. Life is given by God and is Sacred.
Below is my contact information call me, I care !!!
Rev. Tim Rabbitt
Chaplain- B.R.P.B.A
Member- B.R.P.B.A
POLICE INFORMATION
If you have copies of: your Baltimore Police Department Class Photo, Pictures of our Officers, Vehicles, Equipment, Newspaper Articles relating to our department and or officers, Old Departmental Newsletters, Lookouts, Wanted Posters, and or Brochures. Information on Deceased Officers and anything that may help Preserve the History and Proud Traditions of this agency. Please contact Retired Detective Kenny Driscoll.
NOTICE
How to Dispose of Old Police Items
Please contact Det. Ret. Kenny Driscoll if you have any pictures of you or your family members and wish them remembered here on this tribute site to Honor the fine men and women who have served with Honor and Distinction at the Baltimore Police Department. Anyone with information, photographs, memorabilia, or other "Baltimore City Police" items can contact Ret. Det. Kenny Driscoll at
Copyright © 2002 Baltimore City Police History - Ret Det Kenny Driscoll
National Crime Information Center (NCIC)
First day for NCIC click HERE
First Day for MILES click HERE
POLICE INFORMATION
If you have copies of: your Baltimore Police Department Class Photo, Pictures of our Officers, Vehicles, Equipment, Newspaper Articles relating to our department and or officers, Old Departmental Newsletters, Lookouts, Wanted Posters, and or Brochures. Information on Deceased Officers and anything that may help Preserve the History and Proud Traditions of this agency. Please contact Retired Detective Kenny Driscoll.
NOTICE
How to Dispose of Old Police Items
Please contact Det. Ret. Kenny Driscoll if you have any pictures of you or your family members and wish them remembered here on this tribute site to Honor the fine men and women who have served with Honor and Distinction at the Baltimore Police Department. Anyone with information, photographs, memorabilia, or other "Baltimore City Police" items can contact Ret. Det. Kenny Driscoll at
Copyright © 2002 Baltimore City Police History - Ret Det Kenny Driscoll
Police Jargon/Slang
Law enforcement use of Red Ball aka Redball
- Red ball, a term used by the US Air Force, typically on the flight line, to identify aircraft maintenance issues that could prevent an on-time launch of aircraft. This is usually when aircrew are present, and thus given highest priority.
- Red ball or Redball, jargon for a high-profile police case that draws media and political attention, often used in the book Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets and the television shows based on it: Homicide: Life on the Street and The Wire. In Baltimore Redball is as common a word/term as Espantoon.
- The Red Ball Express was a truck convoy system that supplied Allied forces in World War II.
10-30
10-44 lunch
10-7
10-7 detailed...going on vacation leaving early
30-1
42.50 on the hoof
5-0
6 on the whistle
801 10-18
9:01 Club (Stet's attorney, early court leave)
95
Actor
Adam Henry
ADSTW SFE BSU. Arrived dead, stayed that way. Shit flying everywhere. Busting shit up
All the ones I wrote were from a police department long since gone.
All told
Alley Apple = brick, bottle, rock
Answer the box dummy
As a rookie, my sergeant was describing how to write a note on the back of a warrant that you attempt to serve, so it wouldn't keep coming back to try to serve, and he said you knock on the door and ask if he or she is there, ask the name of the person, Joe shit the ragman said, he doesn't live here. go to the next house, Joe shit the rag man said they are already in jail, and he did this with about a half dozen examples all Joe shit the ragman, then he asked if I understood, Sonny Dickson was sitting in on my lesson, and when asked if I understood, Sonny answered up, he said, "yes sir, that joe shit the ragman is everywhere, that guy really gets around!"
Attitude adjustment
Baby bookin
Back up
Bailout
Baliwick 3
Bam-ba-lance and Hoot-an-holler. (Ambulance and fire truck)
Banked me
Beat n release
Beatem up boys
Billy Club
Brilliant, I love the explanations as much as the jargon...
Brookfield Boogie. (Dance we did to keep roaches off of you)
B's and H's. Bitches and Whores!
Burner
Call 2100
Canvas
Chalker
Check his dip
Choir practice
Choir Practice at PPR - Pimlico Park & Ride
Choke slam
Circus court
Contempt of cop.
Correctol
Cruising patrol
Dead Right There
DFO. Done fell out.
DFQ = Dumb Fucking Question.
Dick dance
Dirt bag
Dirt nap
Dirty
DOA
Don’t eyeball me
Don’t piss down my leg and tell me it’s raining.
Dope Fein Lean
DRT = Dead Right There
Eager street hotel
Endless walk to nowhere
Espantoon
Eye fuck
Five Oh or Time Out!
Five Ring
Five-O
Floatter
FNG=Fucking New Guy
Fox trot
Get six.
GOA
Gorked
Got a creeper!
Gotta a pack of them ! Large group
Grab em N slab em boys...medical examiner
Ground Rent (crap game money left behind after the players fled)
GSW = Gun Shot Wound
Hack.. I was Driving down 3700 W. Belvedere this lady kept waving at me, after several times I stopped she was like I don’t want you..
Had a lady tell me she was Raised & Simonized
Hair weave
half a brick
Here’s an oldie…. An over nighter
Hog tie
Hold me on A pr
Hold me out...
Hoodle head
Hot list
Hot sheet
House Cat
House got ramshacked “ransacked”
House mouse
Humble
Hump
I got some scrimp
I knew it as mopery with the intent to creep.
I lived with that one all my career
I'm old, everybody was a knuckle head. I heard one of my younger trainees call a guy a knuckle head one day and I laughed all day. Lol
I'm only conversating on the corner not selling
In the summertime in some districts, some of the older women used to put their money in their bras. When they went to buy something in the corner grocery or liquor stores, they would take the money out, which was damp with sweat and pay the storekeeper. In some of the stores, you would hear the storekeeper refer to as Titty money.
Indict a corner
Is it Murder or Homicide
it’s when you pull up to a dirty dealer and it looks like he has to go to the bathroom lmao
Jacked
Jackpot
Joe Shit the rag man
Jon Pease - "You split em, you git em" or "WRONG!!"
Jumbos
jump out boys
Junkie lean
Kilt. Rant Over. DRT Dead right there. Trifling. Preparation for a forest. Fruckus
Knock & talk
Knockers
Knotty-head
Knuckle head
Lemon heads (motor cops)
Look out book
Mad Dog 20/20
Midnight shift ( Siesta Fiesta) my first year or so it was put on the radio lol
Mill about smartly
Mopery either, with the intent to gape, or a felony on the high seas
Motengainer (whole bunch of Mfers)
Mother told me to be careful with her son as he just came back from the doctors. Said he was being psycho laminized. When inquired what for mom stated he was having hilarious delusions
Murder Po-lice
My crib---meaning house
My daughter thinks Stand By is police Jason, but I disagree. I use it all the time. Don't civilians? Hhmmmm. Gotta start listening to civilians.
My father called me my brother knuckle head so much we thought it was our names, as Irish twins we figure huh, we share clothes and toys and a name... it beat our older brother's name... we still call him dumb ass. ROTFL
My good friend, (He'll know who he is, but i won't mention names) he was on a beach and a young lady wearing a yellow bikini was taking a survey asked him to sign, then asked if he was staring at her bikini top, or the parts sticking out from behind. he confessed and told me he was caught "eye sucking" LOL He can tell us who he is if he wants.. but I had to laugh at the way he spun the old "Eye F'ing" jargon.
No bail.
No, where be the judge?
Notify 2100
NRN
Off to the Bat Cave
Officer, where go the coat room?
Old radio cars were called scout cars
On a midnight shift I once called out for a 10-44 nap... I also had dispatch asked me my status, i said I am married with children...
On the arm
Paper (Warrant)
Patty Wagon
Pecker trail in fact I am not sure if it was a prank on a rookie, but I was told you could write "Pecker trail" in a report. I never did but damn he made it sound like maybe, its a good thing we didn't see any or it may have been in that report lol
Perp
Po-lice
Post integrity.
Post officer
Priceless that you said “hump”!
Rabbit!
Rack up.
Radio car
Rapsed = raped
Red Ball aka Redball
Robo-Cops = Housing Authority Police
Rolled a 7
Rollin stolen
Rookie Mistake and OT Nut
Running through the Cut
Selling wolf tickets
Shift Change Party
Shock-A-Rama
Short change over
Shorty
Shorty Big Head = kids
Side partner
Silver bracelets
Sir, you have to keep your jacket with you
Skrimp = Shrimp
Slap jack
Squirrel
stinker
Suicide by cop
Tale tells
Tell tails
The 3C's.thatvwill get you fired. Booze Cooze and Snooze!
The claw
The cut
The hill.." (cherry hill)
The Hole
The hood
The lean
The ole Tell Tale - placing a small rock on the business door midnight shift for those villains trying doors at 3AM
These ain’t my pants
Titty money
Top knot= your head
Top of Form
Trapping
Trying up
Tumble weeds
Tune up
Turn key
Turn-up
Un-ass the area
Union meeting
Up the screet
Visit to the Mezzanine!
We all worked with a “HUMP”
We'd hit the bars and put and wait for them to move. That would get most of them to move. Next came the spotlights. Some would "signify" and then move. There'd always be some idiot that would dance when the light hit them. He was the one who got locked up.
When I was a welder my boss came to me, he said his kids friend told him he was banked in the head with an alley apple. LOL It didn't take a genius to figure he was hit in the head with a rock or bottle.
When I was new I asked the complainant what the problem was. He kept yelling "They banked me". I said "They banged you?" He got pissed and yelled "No white boy, they took my money. They banked me!"
Whip. Describing a car.
Who? Me?
Wood shampoo
Yoked me
Yoking
You can't get there from here
You know what time it is.
You wanna take a ride
POLICE INFORMATION
If you have copies of: your Baltimore Police Department Class Photo, Pictures of our Officers, Vehicles, Equipment, Newspaper Articles relating to our department and or officers, Old Departmental Newsletters, Lookouts, Wanted Posters, and or Brochures. Information on Deceased Officers and anything that may help Preserve the History and Proud Traditions of this agency. Please contact Retired Detective Kenny Driscoll.
NOTICE
How to Dispose of Old Police Items
Please contact Det. Ret. Kenny Driscoll if you have any pictures of you or your family members and wish them remembered here on this tribute site to Honor the fine men and women who have served with Honor and Distinction at the Baltimore Police Department. Anyone with information, photographs, memorabilia, or other "Baltimore City Police" items can contact Ret. Det. Kenny Driscoll at
Copyright © 2002 Baltimore City Police History - Ret Det Kenny Driscoll
Sergeant Charles E. Gross
Page 1 to see full size article click HERE
Page 1 to see full size article click HERE
On this day 27 Sept 1957 Sergeant Charles E Gross took his life reportedly out of fear or intimadation see the above newspaper article for the story, we will add more as it becomes available.
POLICE INFORMATION
If you have copies of: your Baltimore Police Department Class Photo, Pictures of our Officers, Vehicles, Equipment, Newspaper Articles relating to our department and or officers, Old Departmental Newsletters, Lookouts, Wanted Posters, and or Brochures. Information on Deceased Officers and anything that may help Preserve the History and Proud Traditions of this agency. Please contact Retired Detective Kenny Driscoll.
NOTICE
How to Dispose of Old Police Items
Please contact Det. Ret. Kenny Driscoll if you have any pictures of you or your family members and wish them remembered here on this tribute site to Honor the fine men and women who have served with Honor and Distinction at the Baltimore Police Department. Anyone with information, photographs, memorabilia, or other "Baltimore City Police" items can contact Ret. Det. Kenny Driscoll at
Copyright © 2002 Baltimore City Police History - Ret Det Kenny Driscoll
Sergeant William Nicholson
28 June 1928 We lost our Brother Sergeant William Nicholson to a line of duty infection caused from an irritation from a colored sweatband inside his issued service hat. The material used in the makeup of the sweatband caused and infection, that lead to his loss of life, it took his widow nearly ten years to prove her case. I am not sure of how things were handled but it should seem obvious, if something from the equipment caused this sergeant his loss of life, it should have been called a line of duty or work-related death a lot sooner. May he continue to rest in peace as keep him and his wife in our thoughts on this day in Baltimore Police history.
POLICE INFORMATION
If you have copies of: your Baltimore Police Department Class Photo, Pictures of our Officers, Vehicles, Equipment, Newspaper Articles relating to our department and or officers, Old Departmental Newsletters, Lookouts, Wanted Posters, and or Brochures. Information on Deceased Officers and anything that may help Preserve the History and Proud Traditions of this agency. Please contact Retired Detective Kenny Driscoll.
NOTICE
How to Dispose of Old Police Items
Please contact Det. Ret. Kenny Driscoll if you have any pictures of you or your family members and wish them remembered here on this tribute site to Honor the fine men and women who have served with Honor and Distinction at the Baltimore Police Department. Anyone with information, photographs, memorabilia, or other "Baltimore City Police" items can contact Ret. Det. Kenny Driscoll at
Copyright © 2002 Baltimore City Police History - Ret Det Kenny Driscoll
Detective Sergeant Raymond Golderman
Click the article above or HERE to see full size article
On 12 July 1934 We lost our Brother Detective Sergeant Raymond Golderman passed away from a cerebral hemorrhage while working in the Police Headquarters' Building out of the Bertillon Bureau (predecessor to the identification/fingerprint section) May he continue to rest in peace as keep him in our thoughts on this day in Baltimore Police history.
POLICE INFORMATION
If you have copies of: your Baltimore Police Department Class Photo, Pictures of our Officers, Vehicles, Equipment, Newspaper Articles relating to our department and or officers, Old Departmental Newsletters, Lookouts, Wanted Posters, and or Brochures. Information on Deceased Officers and anything that may help Preserve the History and Proud Traditions of this agency. Please contact Retired Detective Kenny Driscoll.
NOTICE
How to Dispose of Old Police Items
Please contact Det. Ret. Kenny Driscoll if you have any pictures of you or your family members and wish them remembered here on this tribute site to Honor the fine men and women who have served with Honor and Distinction at the Baltimore Police Department. Anyone with information, photographs, memorabilia, or other "Baltimore City Police" items can contact Ret. Det. Kenny Driscoll at
Copyright © 2002 Baltimore City Police History - Ret Det Kenny Driscoll
The Curious Symbolism of the Number Seven in Literature and Myth
After the number three, seven is perhaps the number that has the most religious significance around the world. There are seven deadly sins, seven gifts of the Holy Spirit, seven virtues, seven arts and sciences (comprising the quadrivium and trivium), and seven ages of man. Of course, there are seven days in the week, too, so the number seven has (literally) everyday significance. For a closer look at the strange attraction of the number seven in different cultures and the symbolism of sevens in literature, religion, and myth,
The number seven in classical times
Sumerian and Akkadian scripture, which predates even Judaism, mentions seven demons that are symbolized in the well-known constellation, the Pleiades (commonly known as the Seven Sisters). In Judaism, there are seven branches of the Menorah. In ancient times, it was believed there were seven planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the Moon. A. E. Housman, himself a classical scholar as well as a poet, writes a quatrain that references this old belief (before Uranus and Neptune were added to the planetary total):
Here are the planets and the stars.
And all their fiery trains. Content you with the mimic heaven, And on the earth remain. Of course, calling the Moon a ‘planet’ was a bit of a stretch even in classical times, and it demonstrates the human desire to make a certain pattern ‘fit’ the number seven at all costs. Such a desire also underpins another scientific idea, the number of colors in the color spectrum. How many are there? Everyone knows there are seven: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. Right? Well, not quite. The only reason ‘indigo’ — a color that overlaps a fair bit with both ‘blue’ and ‘violet’ in the list — is in there is that Isaac Newton, who discovered that constituent ‘rainbow’ colors make up white light, wanted the number of colors to equal seven because Newton, for all his scientific empiricism, entertained many now-discredited views surrounding alchemy, mysticism, and the occult.
Seven Wonders of the World
Famously, too, there were seven wonders of the ancient world, only one of which remains today: the Great Pyramid of Giza (pictured below right). The others were the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the Pharos (lighthouse) at Alexandria, the Temple of Artemis, the Statue of Zeus, and the Colossus of Rhodes.
However, despite the name, the list in its final form was not decided upon until much later, in the Renaissance, by which time all but one of these feats of architecture had already long been destroyed—and one of them, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, may never have existed at all (and if they did, they may not actually have been in Babylon).
It was a poet, Antipater of Sidon, who first drew up a list of seven wonders in around 100 BC, but Antipater included Babylon twice (he counted the walls of the city and its gardens as two separate wonders, as did later poets such as Martial) and didn’t include the Pharos of Alexandria. It was a later writer, Gregory of Tours, who introduced this to replace the Walls of Babylon, although a fair bit of Gregory’s list was somewhat different from Antipater’s, including as it did the theater of Herakleia and even Noah’s Ark. Once again, though, his list named seven wonders.
Seven-symbolism in Christianity
Although the notorious number of the beast is found in the Book of Revelation, seven is the number that figures most frequently throughout that final book of the Bible: seven heads of the dragon (Revelation 12:3), seven churches, and seven horns and eyes of the lamb of God (5:6). But throughout the Old Testament, things keep coming in sevens: the seven spirits resting on Jesse’s rod, the seven heavens containing the different orders of angels, the seven years Solomon spent building his temple, and so on. And indeed, throughout Christianity, even outside of the Bible, the number seven looms large: as we remarked at the beginning of this article, there are seven deadly sins (pride, avarice or greed, gluttony, sloth, wrath, lust, and envy). Curiously, there could have ended up being eight deadly sins: the Desert Fathers (in particular, a fourth-century monk named Evagrius Ponticus), who identified a number of widespread evil thoughts that needed to be suppressed or vanquished, listed eight grave sins, which initially included things like acedia, dejection, and sadness (though this was specifically in regard to evil thoughts). It’s telling that the number seven was settled upon once again, although this was an improvement on Evagrius’ list, which had boasting and pride as separate, though clearly overlapping, sins. Meanwhile, although there are famously three theological virtues—Faith, Hope, and Charity—when these are added to the four cardinal virtues—Prudence, Temperance, Justice, and Fortitude—they form the fullness of the number seven.
Seven-symbol literature
The number seven has also been used by many writers over the centuries for its symbolism or even as a nice number to make up a series of titles: when C. S. Lewis wrote seven volumes in his Chronicles of Narnia fantasy series for children in the 1950s, he set a trend that has, in its way, been as influential as Tolkien’s three-part The Lord of the Rings, also from the 1950s, has been in establishing the ‘fantasy trilogy’ as a publishing phenomenon. Curiously, this happened because of a publisher's decision rather than Tolkien’s own intention: post-war paper shortages meant that the single-volume novel had to be published as three volumes, although in actual fact, The Lord of the Rings is divided into six, not three, ‘books’. So, J. K. Rowling published seven volumes in her bestselling Harry Potter series, while George R. R. Martin is set to complete his epic A Song of Ice and Fire (assuming he ever completes it) in seven novels (although this, too, is an example of a tendency to make things ‘fit’ the established pattern of seven: the third novel in the series, A Storm of Swords, was so long that it was published in two parts, which are, for all intents and purposes, individual novels). Of course, in classic works of literature, the number seven turns up in the stories themselves: seven dwarfs accompany Snow White, there are seven brides for seven brothers in the famous musical (based on a story, ‘The Sobbin’ Women’, by Stephen Vincent Benét, which is itself based on the biblical legend of the Sabine women), and when William Empson wrote his landmark study of ambiguity in poetry in 1930, one of the most influential works of literary criticism ever published, he listed seven types of ambiguity.
Why is seven such a symbolic number?
In 1956, George Miller demonstrated that most people can retain roughly seven items of information in their short-term memory. But as early as the sixteenth century, the Italian Jesuit theologian Robert Bellarmine argued that nobody can remember more than seven of anything to justify why his catechism omitted one of the Eight Scriptures.
This may help to explain why the number seven has had such powerful symbolism ever since ancient times: it seems to reach to the natural limit of our memory and thus embodies totality and fullness.
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If you have copies of: your Baltimore Police Department Class Photo, Pictures of our Officers, Vehicles, Equipment, Newspaper Articles relating to our department and or officers, Old Departmental Newsletters, Lookouts, Wanted Posters, and or Brochures. Information on Deceased Officers and anything that may help Preserve the History and Proud Traditions of this agency. Please contact Retired Detective Kenny Driscoll.
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RESEARCH ARTICLE: OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Increased risk of appendectomy in patients with asthma
A nested case-control study using a national sample cohort
Kim, So Young MDa; Oh, Dong Jun MDb; Park, Bumjung MDc; Park, Il-Seok MD, PhDd; Choi, Hyo Geun MDc,e,∗
Editor(s): Ekizoglu., Oguzhan
Medicine 98(38):p e17203, September 2019. | DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000017203
- OPEN
- SDC
Metrics
Abstract
The study aimed to expand previous data regarding an association between asthma and appendectomy in children compared with the population of all ages.
The Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service—National Sample Cohort from 2002 through 2013 was used. In all, 22,030 participants who underwent appendectomy were matched for age, sex, income, region of residence, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia with 88,120 participants who were included as a control group. In both the appendectomy and control groups, previous history of asthma was investigated. Appendectomy for appendicitis was identified based on a surgical code (International Classification of Disease-10 [ICD-10]: K35). Asthma was classified using an ICD-10 code (J45 and J46) and medication history. The crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of asthma for appendectomy were analyzed using conditional logistic regression analysis. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to age and sex.
Approximately 15.2% (3358/22,030) of individuals in the appendectomy group and 13.3% (11,749/88,120) of those in the control group had asthma (P < .001). The appendectomy group demonstrated a higher adjusted odds of asthma than the control group (adjusted OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.13–1.23, P < .001). This result was consistent in the subgroups divided according to age and sex.
The odds for asthma were higher in the appendectomy group than in the control group.
1 Introduction
Acute appendicitis is 1 of the most common surgical emergencies with an estimated lifetime risk of approximately 7% to 8% worldwide.[1,2] In Korea, a lifetime risk of appendicitis of approximately 16% has been reported.[3] The pathophysiologic mechanism underlying appendicitis is still elusive. Direct obstruction of the appendicular lumen can cause elevated luminal pressure and subsequent inflammation, which result in appendicitis.[1] However, luminal obstruction is presumed to be the minor cause in most cases of appendicitis. Instead, intraluminal inflammation including acute mucosal and submucosal inflammation has been suggested to be the main pathological cause of appendicitis.[4] The submucosa of the human appendix is composed of a large number of lymphoid follicles. Thus, immune reactions can result in lymphoid hyperplasia and inflammation, and subsequent appendicitis. In line with this phenomenon, a relationship between appendicitis and immune disorders has been suggested in a few genetic studies.[5,6]
Asthma is 1 of the most common chronic airway disorders and is accompanied by inflammation and immune dysregulation. Approximately 4.3% of the adult population worldwide have asthma diagnosed by doctor.[7] In Korea, approximately 5.7% of adults suffer from asthma.[8] The pathophysiology of asthma is complex and has heterogeneous characteristics. In terms of immunologic causes, not only Th2 immune responses but also Th1-predominant inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, are known to contribute to the development of asthma.[9] In addition to classical airway remodeling disorders, recent studies have suggested that systemic immune dysregulation and infection are involved in asthmatic patients and can lead to systemic inflammatory responses.[10–12]
Because appendicitis is also associated with inflammation and immune dysregulation, it can be postulated that asthma may influence the risk of appendicitis. Indeed, we have encountered some asthmatic patients who suffered from abdominal pain and were diagnosed with acute appendicitis in the clinics. When the PubMed and Embase databases were searched for studies using the keywords “(asthma) AND ([appendicitis] OR [appendectomy] OR [appendix]),” only 1 study reported an association between asthma and appendicitis through June, 2018.[13] A population case-control study described an increased risk of appendicitis in asthma patients compared with children in a control group.[13] However, few previous studies have investigated the risk of appendicitis in asthma patients in adult populations.
The running hypothesis of the present study was that asthma might increase the risk of acute appendicitis in adults, and also young individuals. To prove this hypothesis, a population encompassing all ages of individuals was analyzed for the risk of appendectomy among asthma patients. In addition, the control group was matched for age, sex, income, region of residence, and past medical history to minimize potential confounders.
2 Patients and methods
2.1 Ethical considerations
The Ethics Committee of Hallym University (2017-I102) approved the use of these data. The requirement for written informed consent was waived by the institutional review board.
This national cohort study relied on data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS)-National Sample Cohort. The detailed description of this data was described in our previous studies.[14,15]
2.2 Study population and data collection
Among 1,125,691 patients with 114,369,638 medical claim codes, we included individuals who underwent appendectomy. Appendectomies were identified based on surgical codes (Q2860-Q2863); only appendectomies performed for appendicitis (International Classification of Disease-10 [ICD-10]: K35) were included (n = 22,047). The appendectomies for other causes were excluded (n = 640).
Asthma was considered if a diagnosis of asthma (ICD-10: J45) or status asthmaticus (J46) was recorded. We selected participants who were treated ≥2 times with corticosteroids, a steroid inhaler, long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA), leukotriene receptor antagonists, or xanthine (n = 230,764). This method has been modified from a previous study.[8] In addition, to investigate the influence of severity of asthma on the odds of appendectomy, asthma patients who were treated ≥3, 4, and 5 times with asthmatic medications were selected.
The appendectomy participants were matched at a 1:4 ratio with patients (control group) in this cohort who had not undergone appendectomy from 2002 through 2013. The control group was selected from the original population (n = 1,103,004). These subjects were matched for age, group, sex, income, region of residence, and past medical history (hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia). To prevent a selection bias when selecting the matched participants, the control group participants were sorted using a random number order, and they were then selected from top to bottom. The matched control participants were assumed to be involved at the same time as each matched appendectomy participant (index date). Therefore, the control group subjects who died before the index date were excluded. Appendectomy participants for whom we could not identify enough matched participants were excluded (n = 17). Finally, 1:4 matching resulted in the inclusion of 22,030 appendectomy participants and 88,120 control participants (Fig. 1). However, they were not matched for ischemic heart disease, cerebral stroke, depression, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) because strict matching increased the number of excluded study participants due to a lack of control participants. After matching, we analyzed the previous history of asthma in both the appendectomy and control groups.
Figure 1:
Schematic illustration of the participant selection process that was used in the present study. Of a total of 1,125,691 participants, 22,030 appendectomy participants were matched with 88,120 control participants by age, group, sex, income, region of residence, and past medical history.
2.3 Variables
The age groups were classified using 5-year intervals as follows: 0 to 4, 5 to 9, 10 to 14…, and 85+ years old. A total of 18 age groups were designated. The income groups were initially divided into 41 classes (1 health aid class, 20 self-employed health insurance classes, and 20 employed health insurance classes). These groups were recategorized into 5 classes (class 1 [lowest income] to class 5 [highest income]). Region of residence was divided into 16 areas according to administrative district. These regions were regrouped into urban (Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Gwangju, Daejeon, and Ulsan) and rural (Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Chungcheongbuk, Chungcheongnam, Jeollabuk, Jeollanam, Gyeongsangbuk, Gyeongsangnam, and Jeju) areas.
Participants’ past medical history was evaluated using ICD-10 codes. For the accuracy of diagnosis, participants were considered to have hypertension (I10 and I15), diabetes (E10-E14), and dyslipidemia (E78) if they were treated ≥2 times. Participants were considered to have ischemic heart disease (I24 and I25) and cerebral stroke (I60-I66) if they were treated ≥1 time. Depression was defined using the ICD-10 codes F31 (bipolar affective disorder) through F39 (unspecified mood disorder) as recorded by a psychiatrist ≥2 times. COPD was determined by J43 (Emphysema) through J44 (other chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) who were treated with short-acting beta agonist, long-acting beta agonist, LAMA, and corticosteroid
2.4 Statistical analyses
Chi-square tests were used to compare the general characteristics between the appendectomy and control groups.
To analyze the odds ratio (OR) of asthma on appendectomy, a conditional logistic regression analysis was used. In this analysis, crude (simple) and adjusted (ischemic heart disease, cerebral stroke, depression, COPD) models were used, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Age, sex, income, region of residence, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia were stratified.
For the subgroup analyses, we divided the participants by age and sex (<20 years old, 20–39 years old, 40–59 years old, and 60+ years; men and women). According to the number of asthma treatment histories, asthma patients who were treated ≥3, 4, and 5 times with asthmatic medications were analyzed for the OR for appendectomy.
Two-tailed analyses were conducted, and P values <.05 were considered to indicate significance. The results were analyzed using SPSS v. 22.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY).
3 Results
The rate of asthma was higher in the appendectomy group (15.2% [3358/22,030]) than in the control group (13.3% [11,749/88,120]; P < .001; Table 1). The general characteristics (age, sex, income, region of residence, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia) of the participants were exactly the same due to matching (P = 1.000). The rates of ischemic heart disease, cerebral stroke, and depression were higher in the appendectomy group than in the control group (all P < .05).
General characteristics of participants.
The adjusted ORs of asthma was 1.18 in the appendectomy group (95% CI 1.13–1.23, P < .001; Table 2).
Crude and adjusted odd ratios (95% confidence interval) of appendectomy for asthma.
In the subgroup analyses, all of the crude and adjusted ORs of asthma were higher in the appendectomy group, except for in the subgroup of men who were 60+ years old (each P < .05; Table 3). The adjusted ORs were 1.10 (95% CI 1.01–1.19) in men <20 years old, 1.14 (95% CI 1.03–1.26) in women <20 years old, 1.24 (95% CI 1.04–1.47) in men who were 20 to 39 years old, 1.26 (95% CI 1.11–1.44) in women who were 20 to 39 years old women, 1.27 (95% CI 1.07–1.50) in men who were 40 to –59 years old, 1.20 (95% CI 1.05–1.37) in women who were 40 to 59 years old, and 1.36 (95% CI 1.17–1.58) in women who were 60+ years old. According to the number of asthma treatment histories, asthma patients who were treated ≥ 3, 4, and 5 times with asthmatic medications showed high ORs of appendectomy (Table 4 and see Table, Supplemental Content, https://links.lww.com/MD/D244, which illustrates the distributions of asthma according the number of clinic visits of asthma). The adjusted OR of appendectomy for asthma was 1.16 (95% CI 1.10–1.22), 1.14 (95% CI 1.08–1.20), and 1.13 (95% CI 1.06–1.20) in ≥ 3, 4, and 5 times of clinic visits of asthma.
Subgroup analysis of crude and adjusted odd ratios (95% confidence interval) of appendectomy for asthma according to age and sex.
Crude and adjusted odd ratios (95% confidence interval) of appendectomy for asthma according the number of clinic visits of asthma.
4 Discussion
The appendectomy group demonstrated a higher odds of asthma than the control group in this study (adjusted OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.13–1.23, P < .001). The increased odds of asthma in appendectomy patients was consistent according to age and sex. This is not only the first study involving an adult population but also the largest population study to evaluate the association between asthma and appendectomy. Similar to the present results, a case-control study reported a 1.88-times higher risk of appendicitis in asthma patients than in a control group composed of individuals younger than 18 years old (95% CI 1.07–3.27, P = .035).[13] The higher odds of appendectomy for asthma patients were consistent according to the number of clinic visits of asthma.
Several plausible pathophysiologic mechanisms including allergy or atopy, lymphoid hyperplasia, and infectious causes might link asthma with appendectomy. Allergies or atopy in asthma patients could influence the intraluminal allergic response of the appendix. Previous studies have reported increased allergic reactions as assessed by a skin prick test positivity or eosinophil cationic protein levels in appendicitis patients.[16,17] A prospective study reported an increase in the skin prick test positivity rate in acute appendicitis patients compared with a control group (34.2% vs 8%; P < .001).[16] Similarly, acute appendicitis patients demonstrated higher levels of eosinophil cationic protein than a control group, suggesting local eosinophilic reaction and degranulation in these patients.[17] These allergic reactions could accelerate inflammation and obstruction of the appendix and lead to appendicitis.
Asthma might induce immune reactions and cause the consequent lymphoid hyperplasia and inflammation associated with appendicitis. A few studies have suggested that there is a relationship between asthma and lymphoid hyperplasia of nonrespiratory organs including the gastrointestinal tract.[18,19] For instance, as many as 85.7% of patients with lymphoid hyperplasia of the large intestine (cecum, colon, and rectum) have allergic airway diseases and positive reactions to inhalant allergens.[18,19] Because the appendix is an organ with a large number of lymphoid follicles, asthma-induced reactive lymphoid hyperplasia could manifest in the lumen of appendix to cause obstruction or inflammation in appendicitis.
Asthma could increase the susceptibility to infection, which might increase the risk of acute appendicitis. Several clinical studies have reported an increased risk of infection in multiple nonrespiratory tract sites in asthma patients.[19–21] The odds of Escherichia coli bacteremia was 2.74 times higher in individuals with asthma than in those in a control group (95% CI 1.11–6.76, P = .029).[19] In addition, the incidence of latent nonrespiratory infections, such as herpes zoster, was 2.09 times higher in the asthma group than in an age and sex-matched control group (95% CI 1.24–3.52, P = .006).[21] Increased susceptibility to bacterial infection might increase the risk of acute appendicitis. Most of the luminal contents of acute appendicitis patients (98%) were incubated pathogens.[22] Common infectious causes of appendicitis have described including Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[22,23] In addition, a genome-wide expression analysis study delineated increased mRNA expression of genes associated with neutrophil innate defense systems in acute appendicitis patients.[6] Thus, the increased susceptibility to infection in asthma patients could increase the risk of the infection associated with acute appendicitis.
According to age and sex, all the age and sex subgroups except for men ≥60 years old demonstrated higher odds of asthma in the appendectomy group than in the control group in this study. The relatively low prevalence of appendectomy in the elderly population could alleviate the statistical power of the present results. Appendicitis mainly occurs in young populations with a peak incidence in individuals who are 20 to 30 years old.[1]
This study has several merits in terms of the matched control group, verified cohort population, and objective disease criteria. The control group was matched with the appendectomy group for socioeconomic status in the present study. On the contrary, a previous study did not match for the socioeconomic status between the study and control groups.[13] Because medical accessibility is a crucial factor for detecting appendicitis and recommending appendectomy, socioeconomic status should be considered to prevent selection bias. Moreover, this study used a control group that was matched for past medical history of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia and demographic factors, such as age, sex, income, and region of residence. The differences in comorbid conditions between the study and control groups could result in confounding effects, especially in this adult population. In addition to these advances, this study improved upon previous findings by using a large representative nationwide cohort. There were no missing participants in this study because all Korean citizens were enrolled in the NHIS without exception. The representativeness of this sample cohort was validated in a previous study.[24] For the accuracy of diagnosis, both asthma and appendectomy were defined according to previous studies.[3,8] In addition, multiple inclusion criteria including ICD-10 codes and treatment history or medication history enhanced the fidelity of diagnosis. Because surgeries such as appendectomy are covered by national health insurance in Korea, the accuracy of surgical codes is very strictly controlled.
However, several limitations should be considered to interpret the present results. The severity of both asthma and appendicitis could not be accessed from the NHIS data. Although prescriptions for asthma were included in this study, the detailed management and severity of asthma were not evaluated. For appendicitis, subclinical acute appendicitis may have been excluded in this study due to spontaneous recovery. Acute appendicitis patients who underwent appendectomy were included in this study to improve the fidelity of diagnosis. Thus, only patients with appendicitis requiring a surgical intervention were included in this study. However, appendectomy due to acute appendicitis could be a surrogate marker for acute appendicitis. In addition, although several confounders were matched and/or adjusted for, some lifestyle factors including obesity, smoking history, and alcohol consumption were not available in the NHIS data.
5 Conclusion
Asthma was associated with appendectomy due to appendicitis in both young and adult populations.
Author contributions
Formal analysis: Dong Jun Oh, Bumjung Park, Il-Seok Park, Hyo Geun Choi.
Writing – original draft: So Young Kim, Hyo Geun Choi.
Writing – review & editing: So Young Kim, Dong Jun Oh, Bumjung Park, Il-Seok Park, Hyo Geun Choi.
Hyo Geun Choi orcid: 0000-0003-1655-9549.
References
[1]. Bhangu A, Soreide K, Di Saverio S, et al. Acute appendicitis: modern understanding of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Lancet 2015;386:1278–87.
[2]. Stewart B, Khanduri P, McCord C, et al. Global disease burden of conditions requiring emergency surgery. Br J Surg 2014;101:e9–22.
[3]. Lee JH, Park YS, Choi JS. The epidemiology of appendicitis and appendectomy in South Korea: national registry data. J Epidemiol 2010;20:97–105.
[4]. Carr NJ. The pathology of acute appendicitis. Ann Diagn Pathol 2000;4:46–58.
[5]. Arlt A, Bharti R, Ilves I, et al. Characteristic changes in microbial community composition and expression of innate immune genes in acute appendicitis. Innate Immun 2015;21:30–41.
[6]. Chawla LS, Toma I, Davison D, et al. Acute appendicitis: transcript profiling of blood identifies promising biomarkers and potential underlying processes. BMC Med Genomics 2016;9:40.
[7]. To T, Stanojevic S, Moores G, et al. Global asthma prevalence in adults: findings from the cross-sectional world health survey. BMC Public Health 2012;12:204.
[8]. Kim S, Kim J, Kim K, et al. Healthcare use and prescription patterns associated with adult asthma in Korea: analysis of the NHI claims database. Allergy 2013;68:1435–42.
[9]. Modena BD, Tedrow JR, Milosevic J, et al. Gene expression in relation to exhaled nitric oxide identifies novel asthma phenotypes with unique biomolecular pathways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014;190:1363–72.
[10]. Zhang X, Zheng J, Zhang L, et al. Systemic inflammation mediates the detrimental effects of obesity on asthma control. Allergy Asthma Proc 2018;39:43–50.
[11]. Wright LS, Phipatanakul W. Airway and systemic inflammation in obese children with asthma. Pediatrics 2014;134(suppl 3):S169.
[12]. Wood LG, Baines KJ, Fu J, et al. The neutrophilic inflammatory phenotype is associated with systemic inflammation in asthma. Chest 2012;142:86–93.
[13]. Hasassri ME, Jackson ER, Ghawi H, et al. Asthma and risk of appendicitis in children: a population-based case-control study. Acad Pediatr 2017;17:205–11.
[14]. Kim SY, Kim HJ, Lim H, et al. Bidirectional association between gastroesophageal reflux disease and depression: Two different nested case-control studies using a national sample cohort. Sci Rep 2018;8:11748.
[15]. Kim SY, Lim JS, Kong IG, et al. Hearing impairment and the risk of neurodegenerative dementia: a longitudinal follow-up study using a national sample cohort. Sci Rep 2018;8:15266.
[16]. Harlak A, Gulec M, Mentes O, et al. Atopy is a risk factor for acute appendicitis? A prospective clinical study. J Gastrointest Surg 2008;12:1251–6.
[17]. Santosh G, Aravindan KP. Evidence for eosinophil degranulation in acute appendicitis. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2008;51:172–4.
[18]. Iwamuro M, Hiraoka S, Okada H, et al. Lymphoid hyperplasia of the colon and its association with underlying allergic airway diseases. Int J Colorectal Dis 2016;31:313–7.
[19]. Bang DW, Yang HJ, Ryoo E, et al. Asthma and risk of non-respiratory tract infection: a population-based case-control study. BMJ Open 2013;3:e003857.
[20]. Juhn YJ. Risks for infection in patients with asthma (or other atopic conditions): is asthma more than a chronic airway disease? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014;134:247–57. quiz 258-249.
[21]. Kim BS, Mehra S, Yawn B, et al. Increased risk of herpes zoster in children with asthma: a population-based case-control study. J Pediatr 2013;163:816–21.
[22]. Chen CY, Chen YC, Pu HN, et al. Bacteriology of acute appendicitis and its implication for the use of prophylactic antibiotics. Surg Infect 2012;13:383–90.
[23]. Song DW, Park BK, Suh SW, e
Officer Martin 'Marty' Domzalski
Today 15 July 1999 in BPD history we lost our Brother P/O Martin 'Marty' Domzalski after he took his own life, on 20 July 1981, we lost our Brother Police Officer Ronald L. Tracey to gun fire Marty was Officer Tracey's partner, but was on an H-Day when his partner was killed officer's take the responsibility of protecting their partners very personal, and in this case, Officer Domzalski never got over not being there. It haunted him for years until he couldn't take it anymore and on this day in 1999, he took his own life.
POLICE INFORMATION
If you have copies of: your Baltimore Police Department Class Photo, Pictures of our Officers, Vehicles, Equipment, Newspaper Articles relating to our department and or officers, Old Departmental Newsletters, Lookouts, Wanted Posters, and or Brochures. Information on Deceased Officers and anything that may help Preserve the History and Proud Traditions of this agency. Please contact Retired Detective Kenny Driscoll.
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Copyright © 2002 Baltimore City Police History - Ret Det Kenny Driscoll
Please contact Det. Ret. Kenny Driscoll if you have any pictures of you or your family members and wish them remembered here on this tribute site to Honor the fine men and women who have served with Honor and Distinction at the Baltimore Police Department. Anyone with information, photographs, memorabilia, or other "Baltimore City Police" items can contact Ret. Det. Kenny Driscoll at Kenny@BaltimoreCityPoliceHistory.com follow us on Twitter @BaltoPoliceHist or like us on Facebook or mail pics to 8138 Dundalk Ave. Baltimore Md. 21222.