1700 - 1800

1729 - 8 August, 1729 - The preservation of the peace, protection of property and the arrest of offenders has been the goal of Baltimore residents since August 8, 1729, when the Legislature created Baltimore Town, 100 years before the "London Metropolitan Police Department" was founded by Sir Robert Peel (1829) Note: Sir Robert Peel "Bobby" Peel is widely believed to be where the nickname of the police helmet "Bobby Cap" came from, upon founding the London Metropolitan Police Department, officers were quickly called Bobby Cops, or Bobbies, likewise their hats, "Bobby Caps" 
1775 - Would be the start of what would come to be 9 years of haphazard policing in "Baltimore Town" where mistakes were made, but those mistakes were learned from, and in 1784 "Baltimore Town", decided to form a paid "Watch", in which the Watchmen could be fired, or otherwise penalized, for neglect of duty. These first attempts to form the Nightwatch had male inhabitant capable of duty sign an agreement, in which they swore to conform to police regulations adopted by the citizens and sanctioned by the Board of Commissioners, to attend when summoned to serve as night watchmen. This committee had some of the functions of the 1888 Board of Police Commissioners. (The town was divided into Districts and in each of these was stationed a company commanded by a Captain of the Nightwatch.) 
1775/76 - The first Captains of the watch, or police, in Baltimore, under this primitive arrangement, were Captain James Calhoun, of the First District; Captain George Woolsey, Second District; Captain Benjamin Griffith, Third District; Captain Barnard Eichelberger, Fourth District; Captain George Lindenberger, Fifth District; and Captain William Goodwin, of the Sixth District. At Fell's Point, Captain Isaac Yanbidder, with two assistants, or Lieutenants. Each Captain had under his command a squad of sixteen men, every inhabitant being enrolled, and taking his turn. The streets were patrolled by these watchmen from 10 pm. until daybreak. 
1776 -  20 December 1776 - As British troops closed in on Philadelphia at the end of 1776, the Continental Congress decided to abandon the city and flee south to the safe haven of Baltimore. Delegates convened on December 20, 1776, inside the spacious house and tavern of Henry Fite. Click HERE 

1784 - The First Attempt to Organize a Paid Force to Guard Baltimore occurred in 1784. Constables were appointed and given police powers to keep the peace. Baltimore's Police Department had been developing their police force since the formation of our "Night Watch" in 1784. In the beginning, they were "Necessary to prevent fires, burglaries, and other outrages and disorders." This from (Chapter 69, Acts of 1784). This was 45 years before Sir Robert Peel's London Metropolitan Police was founded in 1829
1784 - Baltimore would obtain Street Lights by order of the Police Department - These lights were oil lamps and they were lit by order of the police, they were extinguished by the police, and they were maintained by order of the police. It was not so obvious to the public as it were to the panel of commissioners, and to the council of city hall, but the lighted streets in Baltimore were a deterrent that prevented, and decreased crime, in and around "Mob Town". While at first many of the ideas, and or theories of the Panel of Commissioners, and or Our Marshals were often shot down, or put off until they either died in committee or were funded privately. Still, many of these ideas went on to become the norm in law enforcement throughout the country, and around the world.  Furthermore, these concepts would eventually be paid for, and widely approved of and authorized by state legislatures. 
1787 -  May 1787 - We lost our Brother Watchman Turner 
1797 - 3 April 1797 - the City Council passed the first ordinance affecting the police. It directed that three persons were to be appointed Commissioners of the watch. They could employ for one year as many Captains and watchmen as had been employed in the night watch the year past for the same remuneration. The Commissioners prescribed regulations and hours of duty for the police. 
1798 - 19 March 1798 - An officer known as “The City” or “High Constable”, was created by the ordinance on March 19, 1798. His duty was "to walk through the streets, lanes, and alleys of the city daily, with mace in hand, taking such rounds, that within a reasonable time he shall visit all parts of the city, and give information to the Mayor or other Magistrate, of all nuisances within the city, and all obstructions and impediments in the streets, lanes, and alleys, and of all offenses committed against the laws and ordinances." He was also required to report the names of the offenders against any ordinance and the names of the witnesses who could sustain the prosecutions against them and regard the mayor as his chief. The yearly salary of the city constable was fixed at $350, and he was required to give a bond for the performance of his duty. 
1798 - Baltimore made the first of certain steps toward creating the chief of police, or marshal as he was later called. A high constable was appointed, and it was his duty to tour the city frequently, carried a mace, the badge of authority, and to report on lawbreakers.  By the turn of the century, Baltimore had again become an unmanageable, riotous city. It was now a bustling community of 31,514 in population and one historian remarks naively, "The city was a rendezvous of a number of evil characters."  
1799 - 26 February 1799 - Authorized the appointment of a city constable in each ward. This ward constable was thus a policeman, and the term of city constable was not properly his although his duties were defined by the ordinance to be the same as those of the city or high constable.

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Press Review

Voice Stress

 Voice Stress Analysis

Voice stress 3
 
Voice stress analysis (VSA) and computer voice stress analysis (CVSA) are collectively a pseudoscientific technology that aims to infer deception from stress measured in the voice. The CVSA records the human voice using a microphone, and the technology is based on the tenet that the non-verbal, low-frequency content of the voice conveys information about the physiological and psychological state of the speaker. Typically utilized in investigative settings, the technology aims to differentiate between stressed and non-stressed outputs in response to stimuli (e.g., questions posed), with high stress seen as an indication of deception.
 
The use of voice stress analysis (VSA) for the detection of deception is controversial. Discussions about the application of VSA have focused on whether this technology can indeed reliably detect stress, and, if so, whether deception can be inferred from this stress. Critics have argued that—even if stress could reliably be measured from the voice—this would be highly similar to measuring stress with the polygraph, for example, and that all critiques centered on polygraph testing apply to VSA as well. A 2002 review of the state of the art conducted for the United States Department of Justice found several technical challenges to the technology, including the same problem of determining deception. When reviewing the literature on the effectiveness of VSA in 2003, the National Research Council concluded, “Overall, this research and the few controlled tests conducted over the past decade offer little or no scientific basis for the use of the computer voice stress analyzer or similar voice measurement instruments”.1:168 A 2013 paper published in Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics reviewed the "scientific implausibility" of its principles and "ungrounded claims of the aggressive propaganda from sellers of voice stress analysis gadgets".
 
Confession made following a voice stress examination was allowed to be used as evidence in a case in Wisconsin in 2014. In the case of the murder of 12-year-old Stephanie, Crowe confessions were made while three suspects were undergoing VSA which were later found to be false by a judge; the manufacturer of the VSA equipment later settled a lawsuit that alleged that it was liable for the harm the three suspects suffered. In a similar case, Donovan Allen falsely confessed to killing his mother after failing a VSA test. He was acquitted 15 years later based on exonerating DNA evidence. George Zimmerman was given a VSA after he fatally shot Florida teenager Trayvon Martin in 2012.
 
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The Mark II Voice Stress Analyzer

The Mark II Voice Stress Analyzer is the most advanced, accurate and simple instrument of its kind. It allows the user to automatically detect, measure and analyze the exact degree of psychological stress in a word or phrase spoken by anyone. It can be used in person, through recorded messages or by telephone, or in radio communications.

When a subject tries to cheat, or has emotional difficulty with certain questions, he will experience psychological distress. Any misrepresentation or psychological stress induced by stimuli causes a lack of synchronization between the control of the voice of the brain and the mechanism of the voice in the throat. This stress connection produces an inaudible roughness in the voice called tremolo. Tremolos related to stress occurs uniformly in all human allocations, independent of language or sex.

With this in mind, the Mark II applications are incredible. Traders or entrepreneurs concerned with critical negotiations or personal evaluations, law enforcement agencies and intelligence organizations will find the Mark II very useful. It has new applications for trainings where stress and emotional reactions are a priority, and can be used for medical-psychiatric diagnosis.

The unit is equipped with digital or printed display, which helps in the interpretation and analysis of the final results. The Mark II is totally portable, contained in an attractive briefcase.

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The nonverbal content of speech carries information about the physiological and psychological condition of the speaker. Psychological stress is a pathological element of this condition, of which the cause is accepted to be “workload”. Objective, quantifiable correlates of stress are searched for by means of measuring the acoustic modifications of the voice brought about by workload. Different voice features from the speech signal to be influenced by stress are loudness, fundamental frequency, jitter, zero-crossing rate, speech rate and high-energy frequency ratio. To examine the effect of workload on speech production an experiment was designed. 108 native speakers of Dutch were recruited to participate in a stress test (Stroop test). The experiment and the analysis of the test results will be reported in this paper. 1 Introduction Although speech is a vocal activity of which much is verbal, there are a number of human vocalizations that are essentially non-linguistic. Nonverbal aspects of speech are intonation, voice quality, prosody, rhythm and pausing. These phenomena stand for a non-verbal signaling system, which intertwines with the verbal or linguistic system. The non-verbal content of the voice carries, among other things, information about the physiological and psychological state of the speaker. Human beings are able to identify different emotional states because these are characterized by clearly perceptible (non-verbal) behavior. Part of this non-verbal communication takes place via other modalities like body movements and facial expressions. The question that remains is how much of this information can be recovered from non-verbal vocalizations only. One of the most interesting research areas concerning non-verbal communication in relation to a person’s psychological state is the search for objective, quantifiable correlates of stress. In the past, this search focused primarily on physiological measures, but over the last years, a broader range of behaviors has been examined especially non-verbal behavior. The advantage being that stress indexes from non-verbal vocalizations can be obtained nonintrusively. From a practical point of view, this is critical in a situation in which co-operation for physiological measurement is precluded, for example in the case of negotiating with terrorists. However, even when co-operation is possible, the presence of monitoring devices needed for physiological measurement can be stressful and anxiety-arousing or simply not practical. Psychological stress is a pathological element of the physiological and psychological condition of the speaker, of which the cause is accepted to be “workload.” Objective, Petr Sojka, Ivan Kopecek, and Karel Pala (Eds.): TSD 2004, LNAI 3206, pp. 449–456, 2004. ˇ Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004 450 Leon J.M. Rothkrantz et al. quantifiable correlates of stress are searched for by means of measuring the acoustic modifications of the voice brought about by workload. These changes in the acoustic speech signal due to stress are mainly caused by the physiological changes that accompany the stress reaction. These changes also affect the organs of speech, such as the respiration and muscle tension (vocal cords) and therefore the speech signal. Hence, it should be possible to establish whether a person is stressed just by analyzing his voice. 2 Related Work Much work on stress analysis in real life situations concentrates on air-ground communication in aviation and space flight under dangerous conditions. In many of these studies, an increase of the fundamental frequency (F0) of the voice in situations of increasing danger is reported. Williams and Stevens also reported an increase in F0 range and abrupt fluctuations of F0 contour, with increasing stress. In a Russian study, the voices of astronauts are examined and changes in spectral energy distribution (spectral centroid moving to higher frequency) are reported. An increase of the energy of high-frequency components has also been reported by in a study involving pilot communication. Scherer et al. found depressive patients speak with higher F0 and a larger proportion of high-frequency components, just before the admission at a psychiatric hospital. Jones found increases in fundamental frequency and statistically significant decreases of the vocal jitter in recordings obtained from pilots training in a simulated AWACS environment. In many laboratory studies, stress is brought about by showing unpleasant or disgusting slides or films, or by placing the subject in situations that produce unpleasant emotions, such as stage fright. The degree of stress perceived will vary from person to person depending on the person's experience and arousability. Apart from these individual differences, some studies show an increase in intensity, increased fundamental frequency, a stronger concentration of energy above 500 Hz and an increase in speech rate. More recently, many experiments were conducted in which cognitive or achievement tasks were used to induce stress on a subject. When persons were subjected to a psychomotor task, the speaking fundamental frequency showed an increase when the task became more difficult. In addition, word duration increased during the task, but decreased again when the task became more complex. Brenner also found an increase in average amplitude when subjects were performing a tracking task. Table 1 summarizes the parameters that have been shown to be indicators of the vocal expression of emotion, emotional disturbance or stress. 3 Experimental Design To study the correspondence between human stress levels and speech production and to assess the relevance of the features listed in Table 1, an exploring experiment has been conducted. 108 native speakers of Dutch were subjected to several tasks that have been designed to place a cognitive workload on the subject. The cognitive workload is defined as the information processing load placed on the human operator while performing a particular task. This information processing load is considered to be correlated with the amount of attention that must be directed to a task. It is assumed that cognitive workload increases with the difficulty.
 
Leon J.M. Rothkrantz, Pascal Wiggers, Jan-Willem A. van Wees, and Robert J. van Vark Data and Knowledge Systems Group Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 4, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Abstract
 
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 It was a long time after the Polygraph that two new techniques came along,
Polygraph Machine, and Statement Analysis 

 
 

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If you have copies of: your Baltimore Police Department Class Photo, Pictures of our Officers, Vehicles, Equipment, Newspaper Articles relating to our department and or officers, Old Departmental Newsletters, Lookouts, Wanted Posters, and or Brochures. Information on Deceased Officers and anything that may help Preserve the History and Proud Traditions of this agency. Please contact Retired Detective Kenny Driscoll.

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Please contact Det. Ret. Kenny Driscoll if you have any pictures of you or your family members and wish them remembered here on this tribute site to Honor the fine men and women who have served with Honor and Distinction at the Baltimore Police Department. Anyone with information, photographs, memorabilia, or other "Baltimore City Police" items can contact Ret. Det. Kenny Driscoll at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. follow us on Twitter @BaltoPoliceHist or like us on Facebook or mail pics to 8138 Dundalk Ave. Baltimore Md. 21222

 

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Please contact Det. Ret. Kenny Driscoll if you have any pictures of you or your family members and wish them remembered here on this tribute site to Honor the fine men and women who have served with Honor and Distinction at the Baltimore Police Department. Anyone with information, photographs, memorabilia, or other "Baltimore City Police" items can contact Ret. Det. Kenny Driscoll at   Kenny@BaltimoreCityPoliceHistory.com follow us on Twitter @BaltoPoliceHist or like us on Facebook or mail pics to 8138 Dundalk Ave. Baltimore Md. 21222.

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