1700 - 1800

1729 - 8 August, 1729 - The preservation of the peace, protection of property and the arrest of offenders has been the goal of Baltimore residents since August 8, 1729, when the Legislature created Baltimore Town, 100 years before the "London Metropolitan Police Department" was founded by Sir Robert Peel (1829) Note: Sir Robert Peel "Bobby" Peel is widely believed to be where the nickname of the police helmet "Bobby Cap" came from, upon founding the London Metropolitan Police Department, officers were quickly called Bobby Cops, or Bobbies, likewise their hats, "Bobby Caps" 
1775 - Would be the start of what would come to be 9 years of haphazard policing in "Baltimore Town" where mistakes were made, but those mistakes were learned from, and in 1784 "Baltimore Town", decided to form a paid "Watch", in which the Watchmen could be fired, or otherwise penalized, for neglect of duty. These first attempts to form the Nightwatch had male inhabitant capable of duty sign an agreement, in which they swore to conform to police regulations adopted by the citizens and sanctioned by the Board of Commissioners, to attend when summoned to serve as night watchmen. This committee had some of the functions of the 1888 Board of Police Commissioners. (The town was divided into Districts and in each of these was stationed a company commanded by a Captain of the Nightwatch.) 
1775/76 - The first Captains of the watch, or police, in Baltimore, under this primitive arrangement, were Captain James Calhoun, of the First District; Captain George Woolsey, Second District; Captain Benjamin Griffith, Third District; Captain Barnard Eichelberger, Fourth District; Captain George Lindenberger, Fifth District; and Captain William Goodwin, of the Sixth District. At Fell's Point, Captain Isaac Yanbidder, with two assistants, or Lieutenants. Each Captain had under his command a squad of sixteen men, every inhabitant being enrolled, and taking his turn. The streets were patrolled by these watchmen from 10 pm. until daybreak. 
1776 -  20 December 1776 - As British troops closed in on Philadelphia at the end of 1776, the Continental Congress decided to abandon the city and flee south to the safe haven of Baltimore. Delegates convened on December 20, 1776, inside the spacious house and tavern of Henry Fite. Click HERE 

1784 - The First Attempt to Organize a Paid Force to Guard Baltimore occurred in 1784. Constables were appointed and given police powers to keep the peace. Baltimore's Police Department had been developing their police force since the formation of our "Night Watch" in 1784. In the beginning, they were "Necessary to prevent fires, burglaries, and other outrages and disorders." This from (Chapter 69, Acts of 1784). This was 45 years before Sir Robert Peel's London Metropolitan Police was founded in 1829
1784 - Baltimore would obtain Street Lights by order of the Police Department - These lights were oil lamps and they were lit by order of the police, they were extinguished by the police, and they were maintained by order of the police. It was not so obvious to the public as it were to the panel of commissioners, and to the council of city hall, but the lighted streets in Baltimore were a deterrent that prevented, and decreased crime, in and around "Mob Town". While at first many of the ideas, and or theories of the Panel of Commissioners, and or Our Marshals were often shot down, or put off until they either died in committee or were funded privately. Still, many of these ideas went on to become the norm in law enforcement throughout the country, and around the world.  Furthermore, these concepts would eventually be paid for, and widely approved of and authorized by state legislatures. 
1787 -  May 1787 - We lost our Brother Watchman Turner 
1797 - 3 April 1797 - the City Council passed the first ordinance affecting the police. It directed that three persons were to be appointed Commissioners of the watch. They could employ for one year as many Captains and watchmen as had been employed in the night watch the year past for the same remuneration. The Commissioners prescribed regulations and hours of duty for the police. 
1798 - 19 March 1798 - An officer known as “The City” or “High Constable”, was created by the ordinance on March 19, 1798. His duty was "to walk through the streets, lanes, and alleys of the city daily, with mace in hand, taking such rounds, that within a reasonable time he shall visit all parts of the city, and give information to the Mayor or other Magistrate, of all nuisances within the city, and all obstructions and impediments in the streets, lanes, and alleys, and of all offenses committed against the laws and ordinances." He was also required to report the names of the offenders against any ordinance and the names of the witnesses who could sustain the prosecutions against them and regard the mayor as his chief. The yearly salary of the city constable was fixed at $350, and he was required to give a bond for the performance of his duty. 
1798 - Baltimore made the first of certain steps toward creating the chief of police, or marshal as he was later called. A high constable was appointed, and it was his duty to tour the city frequently, carried a mace, the badge of authority, and to report on lawbreakers.  By the turn of the century, Baltimore had again become an unmanageable, riotous city. It was now a bustling community of 31,514 in population and one historian remarks naively, "The city was a rendezvous of a number of evil characters."  
1799 - 26 February 1799 - Authorized the appointment of a city constable in each ward. This ward constable was thus a policeman, and the term of city constable was not properly his although his duties were defined by the ordinance to be the same as those of the city or high constable.

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Seven

The Curious Symbolism of the Number Seven in Literature and Myth
After the number three, seven is perhaps the number that has the most religious significance around the world. There are seven deadly sins, seven gifts of the Holy Spirit, seven virtues, seven arts and sciences (comprising the quadrivium and trivium), and seven ages of man. Of course, there are seven days in the week, too, so the number seven has (literally) everyday significance. For a closer look at the strange attraction of the number seven in different cultures and the symbolism of sevens in literature, religion, and myth, 

The number seven in classical times
Sumerian and Akkadian scripture, which predates even Judaism, mentions seven demons that are symbolized in the well-known constellation, the Pleiades (commonly known as the Seven Sisters). In Judaism, there are seven branches of the Menorah. In ancient times, it was believed there were seven planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the Moon. A. E. Housman, himself a classical scholar as well as a poet, writes a quatrain that references this old belief (before Uranus and Neptune were added to the planetary total):

Here are the planets and the stars. 
And all their fiery trains. Content you with the mimic heaven, And on the earth remain. Of course, calling the Moon a ‘planet’ was a bit of a stretch even in classical times, and it demonstrates the human desire to make a certain pattern ‘fit’ the number seven at all costs. Such a desire also underpins another scientific idea, the number of colors in the color spectrum. How many are there? Everyone knows there are seven: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. Right? Well, not quite. The only reason ‘indigo’ — a color that overlaps a fair bit with both ‘blue’ and ‘violet’ in the list — is in there is that Isaac Newton, who discovered that constituent ‘rainbow’ colors make up white light, wanted the number of colors to equal seven because Newton, for all his scientific empiricism, entertained many now-discredited views surrounding alchemy, mysticism, and the occult.

Seven Wonders of the World
Famously, too, there were seven wonders of the ancient world, only one of which remains today: the Great Pyramid of Giza (pictured below right). The others were the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the Pharos (lighthouse) at Alexandria, the Temple of Artemis, the Statue of Zeus, and the Colossus of Rhodes.
However, despite the name, the list in its final form was not decided upon until much later, in the Renaissance, by which time all but one of these feats of architecture had already long been destroyed—and one of them, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, may never have existed at all (and if they did, they may not actually have been in Babylon).

It was a poet, Antipater of Sidon, who first drew up a list of seven wonders in around 100 BC, but Antipater included Babylon twice (he counted the walls of the city and its gardens as two separate wonders, as did later poets such as Martial) and didn’t include the Pharos of Alexandria. It was a later writer, Gregory of Tours, who introduced this to replace the Walls of Babylon, although a fair bit of Gregory’s list was somewhat different from Antipater’s, including as it did the theater of Herakleia and even Noah’s Ark. Once again, though, his list named seven wonders.

Seven-symbolism in Christianity
Although the notorious number of the beast is found in the Book of Revelation, seven is the number that figures most frequently throughout that final book of the Bible: seven heads of the dragon (Revelation 12:3), seven churches, and seven horns and eyes of the lamb of God (5:6). But throughout the Old Testament, things keep coming in sevens: the seven spirits resting on Jesse’s rod, the seven heavens containing the different orders of angels, the seven years Solomon spent building his temple, and so on. And indeed, throughout Christianity, even outside of the Bible, the number seven looms large: as we remarked at the beginning of this article, there are seven deadly sins (pride, avarice or greed, gluttony, sloth, wrath, lust, and envy). Curiously, there could have ended up being eight deadly sins: the Desert Fathers (in particular, a fourth-century monk named Evagrius Ponticus), who identified a number of widespread evil thoughts that needed to be suppressed or vanquished, listed eight grave sins, which initially included things like acedia, dejection, and sadness (though this was specifically in regard to evil thoughts). It’s telling that the number seven was settled upon once again, although this was an improvement on Evagrius’ list, which had boasting and pride as separate, though clearly overlapping, sins. Meanwhile, although there are famously three theological virtues—Faith, Hope, and Charity—when these are added to the four cardinal virtues—Prudence, Temperance, Justice, and Fortitude—they form the fullness of the number seven.

Seven-symbol literature
The number seven has also been used by many writers over the centuries for its symbolism or even as a nice number to make up a series of titles: when C. S. Lewis wrote seven volumes in his Chronicles of Narnia fantasy series for children in the 1950s, he set a trend that has, in its way, been as influential as Tolkien’s three-part The Lord of the Rings, also from the 1950s, has been in establishing the ‘fantasy trilogy’ as a publishing phenomenon. Curiously, this happened because of a publisher's decision rather than Tolkien’s own intention: post-war paper shortages meant that the single-volume novel had to be published as three volumes, although in actual fact, The Lord of the Rings is divided into six, not three, ‘books’. So, J. K. Rowling published seven volumes in her bestselling Harry Potter series, while George R. R. Martin is set to complete his epic A Song of Ice and Fire (assuming he ever completes it) in seven novels (although this, too, is an example of a tendency to make things ‘fit’ the established pattern of seven: the third novel in the series, A Storm of Swords, was so long that it was published in two parts, which are, for all intents and purposes, individual novels). Of course, in classic works of literature, the number seven turns up in the stories themselves: seven dwarfs accompany Snow White, there are seven brides for seven brothers in the famous musical (based on a story, ‘The Sobbin’ Women’, by Stephen Vincent Benét, which is itself based on the biblical legend of the Sabine women), and when William Empson wrote his landmark study of ambiguity in poetry in 1930, one of the most influential works of literary criticism ever published, he listed seven types of ambiguity.

Why is seven such a symbolic number?
In 1956, George Miller demonstrated that most people can retain roughly seven items of information in their short-term memory. But as early as the sixteenth century, the Italian Jesuit theologian Robert Bellarmine argued that nobody can remember more than seven of anything to justify why his catechism omitted one of the Eight Scriptures.
This may help to explain why the number seven has had such powerful symbolism ever since ancient times: it seems to reach to the natural limit of our memory and thus embodies totality and fullness.

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Please contact Det. Ret. Kenny Driscoll if you have any pictures of you or your family members and wish them remembered here on this tribute site to Honor the fine men and women who have served with Honor and Distinction at the Baltimore Police Department. Anyone with information, photographs, memorabilia, or other "Baltimore City Police" items can contact Ret. Det. Kenny Driscoll at   Kenny@BaltimoreCityPoliceHistory.com follow us on Twitter @BaltoPoliceHist or like us on Facebook or mail pics to 8138 Dundalk Ave. Baltimore Md. 21222.

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